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# Scalars

Python defines only one type of a particular data class (there is only one integer type, one floating-point type, etc.). This can be convenient in applications that don’t need to be concerned with all the ways data can be represented in a computer. For scientific computing, however, more control is often needed.

In NumPy, there are 21 new fundamental Python types to describe different types of scalars. These type descriptors are mostly based on the types available in the C language that CPython is written in, with several additional types compatible with Python’s types.

Array scalars have the same attributes and methods as `ndarrays`. [1] This allows one to treat items of an array partly on the same footing as arrays, smoothing out rough edges that result when mixing scalar and array operations.

Array scalars live in a hierarchy (see the Figure below) of data types. They can be detected using the hierarchy: For example, `isinstance(val, np.generic)` will return `True` if val is an array scalar object. Alternatively, what kind of array scalar is present can be determined using other members of the data type hierarchy. Thus, for example `isinstance(val, np.complexfloating)` will return `True` if val is a complex valued type, while `isinstance(val, np.flexible)` will return true if val is one of the flexible itemsize array types (`string`, `unicode`, `void`).

Figure: Hierarchy of type objects representing the array data types. Not shown are the two integer types `intp` and `uintp` which just point to the integer type that holds a pointer for the platform. All the number types can be obtained using bit-width names as well.

[1] | However, array scalars are immutable, so that none of the array scalar attributes are settable.

## Built-in scalar types

The built-in scalar types are shown below. Along with their (mostly) C-derived names, the integer, float, and complex data-types are also available using a bit-width convention so that an array of the right size can always be ensured (e.g. `int8`, `float64`, `complex128`). Two aliases (`intp` and `uintp`) pointing to the integer type that is sufficiently large to hold a C pointer are also provided. The C-like names are associated with character codes, which are shown in the table. Use of the character codes, however, is discouraged.

Five of the scalar types are essentially equivalent to fundamental Python types and therefore inherit from them as well as from the generic array scalar type:

Array scalar type | Related Python type
--- | ---
`int_` | `IntType`
`float_` | `FloatType`
`complex_` | `ComplexType`
`str_` | `StringType`
`unicode_` | `UnicodeType`

The `bool_` data type is very similar to the Python `BooleanType` but does not inherit from it because Python’s `BooleanType` does not allow itself to be inherited from, and on the C-level the size of the actual bool data is not the same as a Python Boolean scalar.

Warning

The `bool_` type is not a subclass of the `int_` type (the `bool_` is not even a number type). This is different than Python’s default implementation of `bool` as a sub-class of int.

Tip

The default data type in Numpy is `float_`.

In the tables below, `platform?` means that the type may not available on all platforms. Compatibility with different C or Python types is indicated: two types are compatible if their data is of the same size and interpreted in the same way.

Booleans:

Type | Remarks | Character code
--- | --- | ---
`bool_` | compatible: Python bool | `'?'`
`bool8` | 8 bits |

Integers:

`byte` | compatible: C char | `'b'`
`short` | compatible: C short | `'h'`
`intc` | compatible: C int | `'i'`
`int_` | compatible: Python int | `'l'`
`longlong` | compatible: C long long | `'q'`
`intp` | large enough to fit a pointer | `'p'`
`int8` | 8 bits |
`int16` | 16 bits |
`int32` | 32 bits |
`int64` | 64 bits |

Unsigned integers:

`ubyte` | compatible: C unsigned char | `'B'`
`ushort` | compatible: C unsigned short | `'H'`
`uintc` | compatible: C unsigned int | `'I'`
`uint` | compatible: Python int | `'L'`
`ulonglong` | compatible: C long long | `'Q'`
`uintp` | large enough to fit a pointer | `'P'`
`uint8` | 8 bits |
`uint16` | 16 bits |
`uint32` | 32 bits |
`uint64` | 64 bits |

Floating-point numbers:

`single` | compatible: C float | `'f'`
`double` | compatible: C double |
`float_` | compatible: Python float | `'d'`
`longfloat` | compatible: C long float | `'g'`
`float32` | 32 bits |
`float64` | 64 bits |
`float96` | 92 bits, platform? |
`float128` | 128 bits, platform? |

Complex floating-point numbers:

`csingle` |  | `'F'`
`complex_` | compatible: Python complex | `'D'`
`clongfloat` |  | `'G'`
`complex64` | two 32-bit floats |
`complex128` | two 64-bit floats |
`complex192` | two 96-bit floats, platform? |
`complex256` | two 128-bit floats, platform? |

Any Python object:

`object_` | any Python object | `'O'`

Note

The data actually stored in object arrays (i.e. arrays having dtype `object_`) are references to Python objects, not the objects themselves. Hence, object arrays behave more like usual Python `lists`, in the sense that their contents need not be of the same Python type.

The object type is also special because an array containing `object_` items does not return an `object_` object on item access, but instead returns the actual object that the array item refers to.

The following data types are flexible. They have no predefined size: the data they describe can be of different length in different arrays. (In the character codes `#` is an integer denoting how many elements the data type consists of.)

`str_` | compatible: Python str | `'S#'`
`unicode_` | compatible: Python unicode | `'U#'`
`void` |  | `'V#'`

Warning

Numeric Compatibility: If you used old typecode characters in your Numeric code (which was never recommended), you will need to change some of them to the new characters. In particular, the needed changes are `c -> S1`, `b -> B`, `1 -> b`, `s -> h`, `w -> H`, and `u -> I`. These changes make the type character convention more consistent with other Python modules such as the `struct` module.

Note

XXX: what to put in the type docstrings, and where to put them?

## Attributes

The array scalar objects have an `array priority` of `NPY_SCALAR_PRIORITY` (-1,000,000.0). They also do not (yet) have a `ctypes` attribute. Otherwise, they share the same attributes as arrays:

`generic.flags` | integer value of flags
`generic.shape` | tuple of array dimensions
`generic.strides` | tuple of bytes steps in each dimension
`generic.ndim` | number of array dimensions
`generic.data` | pointer to start of data
`generic.size` | number of elements in the gentype
`generic.itemsize` | length of one element in bytes
`generic.base` | base object
`generic.dtype` | get array data-descriptor
`generic.real` | real part of scalar
`generic.imag` | imaginary part of scalar
`generic.flat` | a 1-d view of scalar
`generic.T` | transpose
`generic.__array_interface__` | Array protocol: Python side
`generic.__array_struct__` | Array protocol: struct
`generic.__array_priority__` | Array priority.
`generic.__array_wrap__` () | sc.__array_wrap__(obj) return scalar from array

Note

XXX: import the documentation into the docstrings?

## Indexing

See also

Indexing, Data type objects (dtype)

Array scalars can be indexed like 0-dimensional arrays: if x is an array scalar,

- `x[()]` returns a 0-dimensional `ndarray`
- `x['field-name']` returns the array scalar in the field field-name. (x can have fields, for example, when it corresponds to a record data type.)

## Methods

Array scalars have exactly the same methods as arrays. The default behavior of these methods is to internally convert the scalar to an equivalent 0-dimensional array and to call the corresponding array method. In addition, math operations on array scalars are defined so that the same hardware flags are set and used to interpret the results as for ufunc, so that the error state used for ufuncs also carries over to the math on array scalars.

The exceptions to the above rules are given below:

`generic` |
`generic.__array__` () | sc.__array__(|type) return 0-dim array
`generic.__array_wrap__` () | sc.__array_wrap__(obj) return scalar from array
`generic.__squeeze__` |
`generic.byteswap` () |
`generic.__reduce__` () |
`generic.__setstate__` () |
`generic.setflags` () |

Note

XXX: import the documentation into the docstrings?

## Defining new types

There are two ways to effectively define a new array scalar type (apart from composing record dtypes from the built-in scalar types): One way is to simply subclass the `ndarray` and overwrite the methods of interest. This will work to a degree, but internally certain behaviors are fixed by the data type of the array. To fully customize the data type of an array you need to define a new data-type, and register it with NumPy. Such new types can only be defined in C, using the Numpy C-API.

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