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# numpy.pv

`numpy.``pv`(rate, nper, pmt, fv=0.0, when='end')

  Compute the present value.

  Parameters: | rate : array_like Rate of interest (per period) nper : array_like Number of compounding periods pmt : array_like Payment fv : array_like, optional Future value when : {{‘begin’, 1}, {‘end’, 0}}, {string, int}, optional When payments are due (‘begin’ (1) or ‘end’ (0))
  Returns: | out : ndarray, float Present value of a series of payments or investments.

  Notes

  The present value `pv` is computed by solving the equation:

      fv +
      pv*(1 + rate)**nper +
      pmt*(1 + rate*when)/rate*((1 + rate)**nper - 1) = 0

  or, when `rate = 0`:

      fv + pv + pmt * nper = 0

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