# numpy.std

numpy.std(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0, keepdims=<no value>, *, where=<no value>)

  Compute the standard deviation along the specified axis.

  Returns the standard deviation, a measure of the spread of a distribution, of the array elements. The standard deviation is computed for the flattened array by default, otherwise over the specified axis.

  Parameters
    a array_like

      Calculate the standard deviation of these values.

    axis None or int or tuple of ints, optional

      Axis or axes along which the standard deviation is computed. The default is to compute the standard deviation of the flattened array.

      New in version 1.7.0.

      If this is a tuple of ints, a standard deviation is performed over multiple axes, instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.

    dtype dtype, optional

      Type to use in computing the standard deviation. For arrays of integer type the default is float64, for arrays of float types it is the same as the array type.

    out ndarray, optional

      Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must have the same shape as the expected output but the type (of the calculated values) will be cast if necessary.

    ddof int, optional

      Means Delta Degrees of Freedom. The divisor used in calculations is `N - ddof`, where `N` represents the number of elements. By default ddof is zero.

    keepdims bool, optional

      If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option, the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.

      If the default value is passed, then keepdims will not be passed through to the `std` method of sub-classes of `ndarray`, however any non-default value will be. If the sub-class’ method does not implement keepdims any exceptions will be raised.

    where array_like of bool, optional

      Elements to include in the standard deviation. See `reduce` for details.

      New in version 1.20.0.

  Returns
    standard_deviation ndarray, see dtype parameter above.

      If out is None, return a new array containing the standard deviation, otherwise return a reference to the output array.

  See also

  `var`, `mean`, `nanmean`, `nanstd`, `nanvar`
  Output type determination

  Notes

  The standard deviation is the square root of the average of the squared deviations from the mean, i.e., `std = sqrt(mean(x))`, where `x = abs(a - a.mean())**2`.

  The average squared deviation is typically calculated as `x.sum() / N`, where `N = len(x)`. If, however, ddof is specified, the divisor `N - ddof` is used instead. In standard statistical practice, `ddof=1` provides an unbiased estimator of the variance of the infinite population. `ddof=0` provides a maximum likelihood estimate of the variance for normally distributed variables. The standard deviation computed in this function is the square root of the estimated variance, so even with `ddof=1`, it will not be an unbiased estimate of the standard deviation per se.

  Note that, for complex numbers, `std` takes the absolute value before squaring, so that the result is always real and nonnegative.

  For floating-point input, the std is computed using the same precision the input has. Depending on the input data, this can cause the results to be inaccurate, especially for float32 (see example below). Specifying a higher-accuracy accumulator using the `dtype` keyword can alleviate this issue.

  Examples

      >>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
      >>> np.std(a)
      1.1180339887498949 # may vary
      >>> np.std(a, axis=0)
      array([1.,  1.])
      >>> np.std(a, axis=1)
      array([0.5,  0.5])

  In single precision, std() can be inaccurate:

      >>> a = np.zeros((2, 512*512), dtype=np.float32)
      >>> a[0, :] = 1.0
      >>> a[1, :] = 0.1
      >>> np.std(a)
      0.45000005

  Computing the standard deviation in float64 is more accurate:

      >>> np.std(a, dtype=np.float64)
      0.44999999925494177 # may vary

  Specifying a where argument:

      >>> a = np.array([[14, 8, 11, 10], [7, 9, 10, 11], [10, 15, 5, 10]])
      >>> np.std(a)
      2.614064523559687 # may vary
      >>> np.std(a, where=[[True], [True], [False]])
      2.0

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