# qpdf JSON

## Overview

Beginning with qpdf version 11.0.0, the qpdf library and command-line program can produce a JSON representation of a PDF file. qpdf version 11 introduces JSON format version 2. Prior to qpdf 11, versions 8.3.0 onward had a more limited JSON representation accessible only from the command-line. For details on what changed, see Changes from JSON v1 to v2. The rest of this chapter documents qpdf JSON version 2.

Please note: this chapter discusses qpdf JSON format, which represents the contents of a PDF file. This is distinct from the QPDFJob JSON format which provides a higher-level interface interacting with qpdf the way the command-line tool does. For information about that, see QPDFJob: a Job-Based Interface.

The qpdf JSON format is specific to qpdf. The `--json` command-line flag causes creation of a JSON representation the objects in a PDF file along with JSON-formatted summaries of other information about the file. This functionality is built into `QPDFJob` and can be accessed from the `qpdf` command-line tool or from the `QPDFJob` C or C++ API.

Starting with qpdf JSON version 2, from qpdf 11.0.0, the JSON output includes an unambiguous and complete representation of the PDF objects and header. The information without the JSON-formatted summaries of other information is also available using the `QPDF::writeJSON` method.

By default, stream data is omitted from the JSON data, but it can be included by specifying the `--json-stream-data` option. With stream data included, the generated JSON file completely represents a PDF file. You can think of this as using JSON as an alternative syntax for representing a PDF file. Using qpdf JSON, it is possible to convert a PDF file to JSON, manipulate the structure or contents of the objects at a low level, and convert the results back to a PDF file. This functionality can be accessed from the command-line with the `--json-input`, and `--update-from-json` flags, or from the API using the `QPDF::createFromJSON`, and `QPDF::updateFromJSON` methods. The `--json-output` flag changes a handful of defaults so that the resulting JSON is as close as possible to the original input and is ready for being converted back to PDF.

The qpdf JSON data includes unreferenced objects. This may be addressed in a future version of qpdf. For now, that means that certain objects that are not useful in the JSON representation are included. This includes linearization and encryption dictionaries, linearization hint streams, object streams, and the cross-reference (xref) stream associated with the trailer dictionary where applicable. For the best experience with qpdf JSON, you can run the file through qpdf first to remove encryption, linearization, and object streams. For example:

    qpdf --decrypt --object-streams=disable in.pdf out.pdf
    qpdf --json-output out.pdf out.json

## JSON Terminology

Notes about terminology:

- In JavaScript and JSON, that thing that has keys and values is typically called an object.

- In PDF, that thing that has keys and values is typically called a dictionary. An object is a PDF object such as integer, real, boolean, null, string, array, dictionary, or stream.

- Some languages that use JSON call an object a dictionary, a map, or a hash.

- Sometimes, it’s called on object if it has fixed keys and a dictionary if it has variable keys.

This manual is not entirely consistent about its use of dictionary vs. object because sometimes one term or another is clearer in context. Just be aware of the ambiguity when reading the manual. We frequently use the term dictionary to refer to a JSON object because of the consistency with PDF terminology, particular when referring to a dictionary that contains information PDF objects.

## What qpdf JSON is not

Please note that qpdf JSON offers a convenient syntax for manipulating PDF files at a low level using JSON syntax. JSON syntax is much easier to work with than native PDF syntax, and there are good JSON libraries in virtually every commonly used programming language. Working with PDF objects in JSON removes the need to worry about stream lengths, cross reference tables, and PDF-specific representations of Unicode or binary strings that appear outside of content streams. It does not eliminate the need to understand the semantic structure of PDF files. Working with qpdf JSON still requires familiarity with the PDF specification.

In particular, qpdf JSON does not provide any of the following capabilities:

- Text extraction. While you could use qpdf JSON syntax to navigate to a page’s content streams and font structures, text within pages is still encoded using PDF syntax within content streams, and there is no assistance for text extraction.

- Reflowing text, document structure. qpdf JSON does not add any new information or insight into the content of PDF files. If you have a PDF file that lacks any structural information, qpdf JSON won’t help you solve any of those problems.

This is what we mean when we say that JSON provides a alternative syntax for working with PDF data. Semantically, it is identical to native PDF.

## qpdf JSON Format

This section describes how qpdf represents PDF objects in JSON format. It also describes how to work with qpdf JSON to create or modify PDF files.

### qpdf JSON Object Representation

This section describes the representation of PDF objects in qpdf JSON version 2. An example appears in qpdf JSON Example.

PDF objects are represented within the `"qpdf"` entry of a qpdf JSON file. The `"qpdf"` entry is a two-element array. The first element is a dictionary containing header-like information about the file such as the PDF version. The second element is a dictionary containing all the objects in the PDF file. We refer to this as the objects dictionary.

The first element contains the following keys:

- `"jsonversion"` – a number indicating the JSON version used for writing. This will always be `2`.

- `"pdfversion"` – a string containing PDF version as indicated in the PDF header (e.g. `"1.7"`, `"2.0"`)

- `pushedinheritedpageresources` – a boolean indicating whether the library pushed inherited resources down to the page level. Certain library calls cause this to happen, and qpdf needs to know when reading a JSON file back in whether it should do this as it may cause certain objects to be renumbered. This field is ignored when `--update-from-json` was not given.

- `calledgetallpages` – a boolean indicating whether `getAllPages` was called prior to writing the JSON output. This method causes page tree repair to occur, which may renumber some objects (in very rare cases of corrupted page trees), so qpdf needs to know this information when reading a JSON file back in. This field is ignored when `--update-from-json` was not given.

- `"maxobjectid"` – a number indicating the object ID of the highest numbered object in the file. This is provided to make it easier for software that wants to add new objects to the file as you can safely start with one above that number when creating new objects. Note that the value of `"maxobjectid"` may be higher than the actual maximum object that appears in the input PDF since it takes into consideration any dangling indirect object references from the original file. This prevents you from unwittingly creating an object that doesn’t exist but that is referenced, which may have unintended side effects. (The PDF specification explicitly allows dangling references and says to treat them as nulls. This can happen if objects are removed from a PDF file.)

The second element is the objects dictionary. Each key in the objects dictionary is either `"trailer"` or a string of the form `"obj:O G R"` where `O` and `G` are the object and generation numbers and `R` is the literal string `R`. This is the PDF syntax for the indirect object reference prepended by `obj:`. The value, representing the object itself, is a JSON object whose structure is described below.

Top-level Stream Objects

  Stream objects are represented as a JSON object with the single key `"stream"`. The stream object has a key called `"dict"` whose value is the stream dictionary as an object value (described below) with the `"/Length"` key omitted. Other keys are determined by the value for json stream data (`--json-stream-data`, or a parameter of type `qpdf_json_stream_data_e`) as follows:

  - `none`: stream data is not represented; no other keys are present specified.

  - `inline`: the stream data appears as a base64-encoded string as the value of the `"data"` key

  - `file`: the stream data is written to a file, and the path to the file is stored in the `"datafile"` key. A relative path is interpreted as relative to the current directory when qpdf is invoked.

  Keys other than `"dict"`, `"data"`, and `"datafile"` are ignored. This is primarily for future compatibility in case a newer version of qpdf includes additional information.

  As with the native PDF representation, the stream data must be consistent with whatever filters and decode parameters are specified in the stream dictionary.

Top-level Non-stream Objects

  Non-stream objects are represented as a dictionary with the single key `"value"`. Other keys are ignored for future compatibility. The value’s structure is described in “Object Values” below.

  Note: in files that use object streams, the trailer “dictionary” is actually a stream, but in the JSON representation, the value of the `"trailer"` key is always written as a dictionary (with a `"value"` key like other non-stream objects). There will also be a a stream object whose key is the object ID of the cross-reference stream, even though this stream will generally be unreferenced. This makes it possible to assume `"trailer"` points to a dictionary without having to consider whether the file uses object streams or not. It is also consistent with how `QPDF::getTrailer` behaves in the C++ API.

Object Values

  Within `"value"` or `"stream"."dict"`, PDF objects are represented as follows:

  - Objects of type Boolean or null are represented as JSON objects of the same type.

  - Objects that are numeric are represented as numeric in the JSON without regard to precision. Internally, qpdf stores numeric values as strings, so qpdf will preserve arbitrary precision numerical values when reading and writing JSON. It is likely that other JSON readers and writers will have implementation-dependent ways of handling numerical values that are out of range.

  - Name objects are represented as JSON strings that start with `/` and are followed by the PDF name in canonical form with all PDF syntax resolved. For example, the name whose canonical form (per the PDF specification) is `text/plain` would be represented in JSON as `"/text/plain"` and in PDF as `"/text#2fplain"`.

  - Indirect object references are represented as JSON strings that look like a PDF indirect object reference and have the form `"O G R"` where `O` and `G` are the object and generation numbers and `R` is the literal string `R`. For example, `"3 0 R"` would represent a reference to the object with object ID 3 and generation 0.

  - PDF strings are represented as JSON strings in one of two ways:

    - `"u:utf8-encoded-string"`: this format is used when the PDF string can be unambiguously represented as a Unicode string and contains no unprintable characters. This is the case whether the input string is encoded as UTF-16, UTF-8 (as allowed by PDF 2.0), or PDF doc encoding. Strings are only represented this way if they can be encoded without loss of information.

    - `"b:hex-string"`: this format is used to represent any binary string value that can’t be represented as a Unicode string. `hex-string` must have an even number of characters that range from `a` through `f`, `A` through `F`, or `0` through `9`.

    qpdf writes empty strings as `"u:"`, but both `"b:"` and `"u:"` are valid representations of the empty string.

    There is full support for UTF-16 surrogate pairs. Binary strings encoded with `"b:..."` are the internal PDF representations. As such, the following are equivalent:

    - `"u:\ud83e\udd54"` – representation of U+1F954 as a surrogate pair in JSON syntax

    - `"b:FEFFD83EDD54"` – representation of U+1F954 as the bytes of a UTF-16 string in PDF syntax with the leading `FEFF` indicating UTF-16

    - `"b:efbbbff09fa594"` – representation of U+1F954 as the bytes of a UTF-8 string in PDF syntax (as allowed by PDF 2.0) with the leading `EF`, `BB`, `BF` sequence (which is just UTF-8 encoding of `FEFF`).

    - A JSON string whose contents are `u:` followed by the UTF-8 representation of U+1F954. This is the potato emoji. Unfortunately, I am not able to render it in the PDF version of this manual.

  - PDF arrays are represented as JSON arrays of objects as described above

  - PDF dictionaries are represented as JSON objects whose keys are the string representations of names and whose values are representations of PDF objects.

Note that writing JSON output is done by `QPDF`, not `QPDFWriter`. As such, none of the things `QPDFWriter` does apply. This includes recompression of streams, renumbering of objects, removal of unreferenced objects, encryption, decryption, linearization, QDF mode, etc. See Writing PDF Files for a more in-depth discussion. This has a few noteworthy implications:

- Decryption is handled transparently by qpdf. As there are no QPDF APIs, even internal to the library, that allow retrieval of encrypted data in its raw, encrypted form, qpdf JSON always includes decrypted data. It is possible that a future version of qpdf may allow access to raw, encrypted string and stream data.

- Objects that are related to a PDF file’s structure, rather than its content, are included in the JSON output, even though they are not particularly useful. In a future version of qpdf, this may be fixed, and the `--preserve-unreferenced` flag may be able to be used to get the existing behavior. For now, to avoid this, run the file through `qpdf --decrypt --object-streams=disable in.pdf out.pdf` to generate a new PDF file that contains no unreferenced or structural objects.

  - Linearized PDF files include a linearization dictionary which is not referenced from any other object and which references the linearization hint stream by offset. The JSON from a linearized PDF file contains both of these objects, even though they are not useful in the JSON. Offset information is not represented in the JSON, so there’s no way to find the linearization hint stream from the JSON. If a new PDF is created from JSON that was written, the objects will be read back in but will just be unreferenced objects that will be ignored by `QPDFWriter` when the file is rewritten.

  - The JSON from a file with object streams will include the original object stream and will also include all the objects in the stream as top-level objects.

  - In files with object streams, the trailer “dictionary” is a stream. In qpdf JSON files, the `"trailer"` key will contain a dictionary with all the keys in it relating to the stream, and the stream will also appear as an unreferenced object.

  - Encrypted files are decrypted, but the encryption dictionary still appears in the JSON output.

### qpdf JSON Example

The JSON below shows an example of a simple PDF file represented in qpdf JSON format.

    {
      "qpdf": [
        {
          "jsonversion": 2,
          "pdfversion": "1.3",
          "pushedinheritedpageresources": false,
          "calledgetallpages": false,
          "maxobjectid": 6
        },
        {
          "obj:1 0 R": {
            "value": {
              "/Pages": "3 0 R",
              "/Type": "/Catalog"
            }
          },
          "obj:2 0 R": {
            "value": {
              "/Author": "u:Digits of π",
              "/CreationDate": "u:D:20220731155308-05'00'",
              "/Creator": "u:A person typing in Emacs",
              "/Keywords": "u:potato, example",
              "/ModDate": "u:D:20220731155308-05'00'",
              "/Producer": "u:qpdf",
              "/Subject": "u:Example",
              "/Title": "u:Something potato-related"
            }
          },
          "obj:3 0 R": {
            "value": {
              "/Count": 1,
              "/Kids": [
                "4 0 R"
              ],
              "/Type": "/Pages"
            }
          },
          "obj:4 0 R": {
            "value": {
              "/Contents": "5 0 R",
              "/MediaBox": [
                0,
                0,
                612,
                792
              ],
              "/Parent": "3 0 R",
              "/Resources": {
                "/Font": {
                  "/F1": "6 0 R"
                }
              },
              "/Type": "/Page"
            }
          },
          "obj:5 0 R": {
            "stream": {
              "data": "eJxzCuFSUNB3M1QwMlEISQOyzY2AyEAhJAXI1gjIL0ksyddUCMnicg3hAgDLAQnI",
              "dict": {
                "/Filter": "/FlateDecode"
              }
            }
          },
          "obj:6 0 R": {
            "value": {
              "/BaseFont": "/Helvetica",
              "/Encoding": "/WinAnsiEncoding",
              "/Subtype": "/Type1",
              "/Type": "/Font"
            }
          },
          "trailer": {
            "value": {
              "/ID": [
                "b:98b5a26966fba4d3a769b715b2558da6",
                "b:6bea23330e0b9ff0ddb47b6757fb002e"
              ],
              "/Info": "2 0 R",
              "/Root": "1 0 R",
              "/Size": 7
            }
          }
        }
      ]
    }

### qpdf JSON Input

The qpdf JSON output can be used in two different ways:

- By using the `--json-input` flag or calling `QPDF::createFromJSON` in place of `QPDF::processFile`, a qpdf JSON file can be used in place of a PDF file as the input to qpdf.

- By using the `--update-from-json` flag or calling `QPDF::updateFromJSON` on an initialized `QPDF` object, a qpdf JSON file can be used to apply changes to an existing `QPDF` object. That `QPDF` object can have come from any source including a PDF file, a qpdf JSON file, or the result of any other process that results in a valid, initialized `QPDF` object.

Here are some important things to know about qpdf JSON input.

- When a qpdf JSON file is used as the primary input file, it must be complete. This means

  - A JSON version number must be specified with the `"jsonversion"` key in the first array element

  - A PDF version number must be specified with the `"pdfversion"` key in the first array element

  - Stream data must be present for all streams

  - The trailer dictionary must be present, though only the `"/Root"` key is required.

- Certain fields from the input are ignored whether creating or updating from a JSON file:

  - `"maxobjectid"` is ignored, so it is not necessary to update it when adding new objects.

  - `"/Length"` is ignored in all stream dictionaries. qpdf doesn’t put it there when it creates JSON output, and it is not necessary to add it.

  - `"/Size"` is ignored if it appears in a trailer dictionary as that is always recomputed by `QPDFWriter`.

  - Unknown keys at the top level of the file, within `"qpdf"`, and at the top level of each individual PDF object (inside the dictionary that has the `"value"` or `"stream"` key) and directly within `"stream"` are ignored for future compatibility. This includes other top-level keys generated by `qpdf` itself (such as `"pages"`). As such, those keys don’t have to be consistent with the `"qpdf"` key if modifying a JSON file for conversion back to PDF. If you wish to store application-specific metadata, you can do so by adding a key whose name starts with `x-`. qpdf is guaranteed not to add any of its own keys that starts with `x-`. Note that any `"version"` key at the top level is ignored. The JSON version is obtained from the `"jsonversion"` key of the first element of the `"qpdf"` field.

- The values of `"calledgetallpages"` and `"pushedinheritedpageresources"` are ignored when creating a file. When updating a file, they treated as `false` if omitted.

- When qpdf reads a PDF file, the internal object numbers are always preserved. However, when qpdf writes a file using `QPDFWriter`, `QPDFWriter` does its own numbering and, in general, does not preserve input object numbers. That means that a qpdf JSON file that is used to update an existing PDF must have object numbers that match the input file it is modifying. In practical terms, this means that you can’t use a JSON file created from one PDF file to modify the output of running qpdf on that file.

  To put this more concretely, the following is valid:

      qpdf --json-output in.pdf pdf.json
      # edit pdf.json
      qpdf in.pdf out.pdf --update-from-json=pdf.json

  The following will produce unpredictable and probably incorrect results because `out.pdf` won’t have the same object numbers as `pdf.json` and `in.pdf`.

      qpdf --json-output in.pdf pdf.json
      # edit pdf.json
      qpdf in.pdf out.pdf --update-from-json=pdf.json
      # edit pdf.json again
      # Don't do this
      qpdf out.pdf out2.pdf --update-from-json=pdf.json

- When updating from a JSON file (`--update-from-json`, `QPDF::updateFromJSON`), existing objects are updated in place. This has the following implications:

  - If the object you are updating is a stream, you may omit both `"data"` and `"datafile"`. In that case the original stream data is preserved. You must always provide a stream dictionary, but it may be empty. Note that an empty stream dictionary will clear the old dictionary. There is no way to indicate that an old stream dictionary should be left alone, so if your intention is to replace the stream data and preserve the dictionary, the original dictionary must appear in the JSON file.

  - You can change one object type to another object type including replacing a stream with a non-stream or a non-stream with a stream. If you replace a non-stream with a stream, you must provide data for the stream.

  - Objects that you do not wish to modify can be omitted from the JSON. That includes the trailer. That means you can use the output of a qpdf JSON file that was written using `--json-object` to have it include only the objects you intend to modify.

  - You can omit the `"pdfversion"` key. The input PDF version will be preserved.

### qpdf JSON Workflow: CLI

This section includes a few examples of using qpdf JSON.

- Convert a PDF file to JSON format, edit the JSON, and convert back to PDF. This is an alternative to using QDF mode (see QDF Mode) to modify PDF files in a text editor. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.

      qpdf --json-output in.pdf pdf.json
      # edit pdf.json
      qpdf --json-input pdf.json out.pdf

- Extract only a specific object into a JSON file, modify the object in JSON, and use the modified object to update the original PDF. In this case, we’re editing object 4, whatever that may happen to be. You would have to know through some other means which object you wanted to edit, such as by looking at other JSON output or using a tool (possibly but not necessarily qpdf) to identify the object.

      qpdf --json-output in.pdf pdf.json --json-object=4,0
      # edit pdf.json
      qpdf in.pdf --update-from-json=pdf.json out.pdf

  Rather than using `--json-object` as in the above example, you could edit the JSON file to remove the objects you didn’t need. You could also just leave them there, though the update process would be slower.

  You could also add new objects to a file by adding them to `pdf.json`. Just be sure the object number doesn’t conflict with an existing object. The `"maxobjectid"` field in the original output can help with this. You don’t have to update it if you add objects as it is ignored when the file is read back in.

- Use `--json-input` and `--json-output` together to demonstrate preservation of object numbers. In this example, `a.json` and `b.json` will have the same objects and object numbers. The files may not be identical since strings may be normalized, fields may appear in a different order, etc. However `b.json` and `c.json` are probably identical.

      qpdf --json-output in.pdf a.json
      qpdf --json-input --json-output a.json b.json
      qpdf --json-input --json-output b.json c.json

### qpdf JSON Workflow: API

Everything that can be done using the qpdf CLI can be done using the C++ API. See comments in `QPDF.hh` for `writeJSON`, `createFromJSON`, and `updateFromJSON` for details.

## JSON Compatibility Guarantees

The qpdf JSON representation includes a JSON serialization of the raw objects in the PDF file as well as some computed information in a more easily extracted format. QPDF provides some guarantees about its JSON format. These guarantees are designed to simplify the experience of a developer working with the JSON format.

Compatibility

  The top-level JSON object is a dictionary (JSON “object”). The JSON output contains various nested dictionaries and arrays. With the exception of dictionaries that are populated by the fields of PDF objects from the file, all instances of a dictionary are guaranteed to have exactly the same keys.

  The top-level JSON structure contains a `"version"` key whose value is simple integer. The value of the `version` key will be incremented if a non-compatible change is made. A non-compatible change would be any change that involves removal of a key, a change to the format of data pointed to by a key, or a semantic change that requires a different interpretation of a previously existing key. Note that, starting with version 2, the JSON version also appears in the `"jsonversion"` field of the first element of `"qpdf"` field.

  Within a specific qpdf JSON version, future versions of qpdf are free to add additional keys but not to remove keys or change the type of object that a key points to. That means that consumers of qpdf JSON should ignore keys they don’t know about.

Documentation

  The qpdf command can be invoked with the `--json-help` option. This will output a JSON structure that has the same structure as the JSON output that qpdf generates, except that each field in the help output is a description of the corresponding field in the JSON output. The specific guarantees are as follows:

  - A dictionary in the help output means that the corresponding location in the actual JSON output is also a dictionary with exactly the same keys; that is, no keys present in help are absent in the real output, and no keys will be present in the real output that are not in help. It is possible for a key to be present and have a value that is explicitly `null`. As a special case, if the dictionary has a single key whose name starts with `<` and ends with `>`, it means that the JSON output is a dictionary that can have any value as a key. This is used for cases in which the keys of the dictionary are things like object IDs.

  - A string in the help output is a description of the item that appears in the corresponding location of the actual output. The corresponding output can have any value including `null`.

  - A single-element array in the help output indicates that the corresponding location in the actual output is either a single item or is an array of any length. The single item or each element of the array has whatever format is implied by the single element of the help output’s array.

  - A multi-element array in the help output indicates that the corresponding location in the actual output is an array of the same length. Each element of the output array has whatever format is implied by the corresponding element of the help output’s array.

  For example, the help output indicates includes a `"pagelabels"` key whose value is an array of one element. That element is a dictionary with keys `"index"` and `"label"`. In addition to describing the meaning of those keys, this tells you that the actual JSON output will contain a `pagelabels` array, each of whose elements is a dictionary that contains an `index` key, a `label` key, and no other keys.

Directness and Simplicity

  The JSON output contains the value of every object in the file, but it also contains some summary data. This is analogous to how qpdf’s library interface works. The summary data is similar to the helper functions in that it allows you to look at certain aspects of the PDF file without having to understand all the nuances of the PDF specification, while the raw objects allow you to mine the PDF for anything that the higher-level interfaces are lacking. It is especially useful to create a JSON file with the `"pages"` and `"qpdf"` keys and to use the `"pages"` information to find a page rather than navigating the pages tree manually. This can be done safely, and changes can made to the objects dictionary without worrying about keeping `"pages"` up to date since it is ignored when reading the file back in.

## JSON: Special Considerations

For the most part, the built-in JSON help tells you everything you need to know about the JSON format, but there are a few non-obvious things to be aware of:

- If a PDF file has certain types of errors in its pages tree (such as page objects that are direct or multiple pages sharing the same object ID), qpdf will automatically repair the pages tree. If you specify `"qpdf"` (or, with qpdf JSON version 1, `"objects"` or `"objectinfo"`) without any other keys, you will see the original pages tree without any corrections. If you specify any of keys that require page tree traversal (for example, `"pages"`, `"outlines"`, or `"pagelabel"`), then `"qpdf"` (and `"objects"` and `"objectinfo"`) will show the repaired page tree so that object references will be consistent throughout the file. You can tell if this has happened by looking at the `"calledgetallpages"` and `"pushedinheritedpageresources"` fields in the first element of the `"qpdf"` array.

- While qpdf guarantees that keys present in the help will be present in the output, those fields may be null or empty if the information is not known or absent in the file. Also, if you specify `--json-key`, the keys that are not listed will be excluded entirely except for those that `--json-help` says are always present.

- In a few places, there are keys with names containing `pageposfrom1`. The values of these keys are null or an integer. If an integer, they point to a page index within the file numbering from 1. Note that JSON indexes from 0, and you would also use 0-based indexing using the API. However, 1-based indexing is easier in this case because the command-line syntax for specifying page ranges is 1-based. If you were going to write a program that looked through the JSON for information about specific pages and then use the command-line to extract those pages, 1-based indexing is easier. Besides, it’s more convenient to subtract 1 in a real programming language than it is to add 1 in shell code.

- The image information included in the `page` section of the JSON output includes the key `"filterable"`. Note that the value of this field may depend on the `--decode-level` that you invoke qpdf with. The JSON output includes a top-level key `"parameters"` that indicates the decode level that was used for computing whether a stream was filterable. For example, jpeg images will be shown as not filterable by default, but they will be shown as filterable if you run qpdf --json --decode-level=all.

- The `encrypt` key’s values will be populated for non-encrypted files. Some values will be null, and others will have values that apply to unencrypted files.

- The qpdf library itself never loads an entire PDF into memory. This remains true for PDF files represented in JSON format. In general, qpdf will hold the entire object structure in memory once a file has been fully read (objects are loaded into memory lazily but stay there once loaded), but it will never have more than two copies of a stream in memory at once. That said, if you ask qpdf to write JSON to memory, it will do so, so be careful about this if you are working with very large PDF files. There is nothing in the qpdf library itself that prevents working with PDF files much larger than available system memory. qpdf can both read and write such files in JSON format. If you need to work with a PDF file’s json representation in memory, it is recommended that you use either `none` or `file` as the argument to `--json-stream-data`, or if using the API, use `qpdf_sj_none` or `pdf_sj_file` as the json stream data value. If using `none`, you can use other means to obtain the stream data.

## Changes from JSON v1 to v2

The following changes were made to qpdf’s JSON output format for version 2.

- The representation of objects has changed. For details, see qpdf JSON Object Representation.

  - The representation of strings is now unambiguous for all strings. Strings a prefixed with either `u:` for Unicode strings or `b:` for byte strings.

  - Names are shown in qpdf’s canonical form rather than in PDF syntax. (Example: the PDF-syntax name `/text#2fplain` appeared as `"/text#2fplain"` in v1 but appears as `"/text/plain"` in v2.

  - The top-level representation of an object in `"objects"` is a dictionary containing either a `"value"` key or a `"stream"` key, making it possible to distinguish streams from other objects.

- The `"objectinfo"` and `"objects"` keys have been removed in favor of a representation in `"qpdf"` that includes header information and differentiates between a stream and other kinds of objects. In v1, it was not possible to tell a stream from a dictionary within `"objects"`, and the PDF version was not captured at all.

- Within the objects dictionary, keys are now `"obj:O G R"` where `O` and `G` are the object and generation number. `"trailer"` remains the key for the trailer dictionary. In v1, the `obj:` prefix was not present. The rationale for this change is as follows:

  - Having a unique prefix (`obj:`) makes it much easier to search in the JSON file for the definition of an object

  - Having the key still contain `O G R` makes it much easier to construct the key from an indirect reference. You just have to prepend `obj:`. There is no need to parse the indirect object reference.

- In the `"encrypt"` object, the `"modifyannotations"` was misspelled as `"moddifyannotations"` in v1. This has been corrected.

### Motivation for qpdf JSON version 2

qpdf JSON version 2 was created to make it possible to manipulate PDF files using JSON syntax instead of native PDF syntax. This makes it possible to make low-level updates to PDF files from just about any programming language or even to do so from the command-line using tools like `jq` or any editor that’s capable of working with JSON files. There were several limitations of JSON format version 1 that made this impossible:

- Strings, names, and indirect object references in the original PDF file were all converted to strings in the JSON representation. For casual human inspection, this was fine, but in the general case, there was no way to tell the difference between a string that looked like a name or indirect object reference from an actual name or indirect object reference.

- PDF strings were not unambiguously represented in the JSON format. The way qpdf JSON v1 represented a string was to try to convert the string to UTF-8. This was done by assuming a string that was not explicitly marked as Unicode was encoded in PDF doc encoding. The problem is that there is not a perfect bidirectional mapping between Unicode and PDF doc encoding, so if a binary string happened to contain characters that couldn’t be bidirectionally mapped, there would be no way to get back to the original PDF string. Even when possible, trying to map from the JSON representation of a binary string back to the original string required knowledge of the mapping between PDF doc encoding and Unicode.

- There was no representation of stream data. If you wanted to extract stream data, you could use `--show-object`, so this wasn’t that important for inspection, but it was a blocker for being able to go from JSON back to PDF. qpdf JSON version 2 allows stream data to be included inline as base64-encoded data. There is also an option to write all stream data to external files, which makes it possible to work with very large PDF files in JSON format even with tools that try to read the entire JSON structure into memory.

- The PDF version from PDF header was not represented in qpdf JSON v1.