# scipy.stats.combine_pvalues

scipy.stats.combine_pvalues(pvalues, method='fisher', weights=None)

  Combine p-values from independent tests bearing upon the same hypothesis.

  Parameters
    pvalues array_like, 1-D

      Array of p-values assumed to come from independent tests.

    method{‘fisher’, ‘pearson’, ‘tippett’, ‘stouffer’,

      > ‘mudholkar_george’}, optional

      Name of method to use to combine p-values. The following methods are available (default is ‘fisher’):

      > - ‘fisher’: Fisher’s method (Fisher’s combined probability test), the sum of the logarithm of the p-values

      > - ‘pearson’: Pearson’s method (similar to Fisher’s but uses sum of the complement of the p-values inside the logarithms)

      > - ‘tippett’: Tippett’s method (minimum of p-values)

      > - ‘stouffer’: Stouffer’s Z-score method

      > - ‘mudholkar_george’: the difference of Fisher’s and Pearson’s methods divided by 2

    weights array_like, 1-D, optional

      Optional array of weights used only for Stouffer’s Z-score method.

  Returns
    statistic: float

      The statistic calculated by the specified method.

    pval: float

      The combined p-value.

  Notes

  Fisher’s method (also known as Fisher’s combined probability test) [1] uses a chi-squared statistic to compute a combined p-value. The closely related Stouffer’s Z-score method [2] uses Z-scores rather than p-values. The advantage of Stouffer’s method is that it is straightforward to introduce weights, which can make Stouffer’s method more powerful than Fisher’s method when the p-values are from studies of different size [6] [7]. The Pearson’s method uses \(log(1-p_i)\) inside the sum whereas Fisher’s method uses \(log(p_i)\) [4]. For Fisher’s and Pearson’s method, the sum of the logarithms is multiplied by -2 in the implementation. This quantity has a chi-square distribution that determines the p-value. The mudholkar_george method is the difference of the Fisher’s and Pearson’s test statistics, each of which include the -2 factor [4]. However, the mudholkar_george method does not include these -2 factors. The test statistic of mudholkar_george is the sum of logisitic random variables and equation 3.6 in [3] is used to approximate the p-value based on Student’s t-distribution.

  Fisher’s method may be extended to combine p-values from dependent tests [5]. Extensions such as Brown’s method and Kost’s method are not currently implemented.

  New in version 0.15.0.

  References

  1

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%27s_method

  2

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%27s_method#Relation_to_Stouffer.27s_Z-score_method

  3

    George, E. O., and G. S. Mudholkar. “On the convolution of logistic random variables.” Metrika 30.1 (1983): 1-13.

  4(1,2)

    Heard, N. and Rubin-Delanchey, P. “Choosing between methods of combining p-values.” Biometrika 105.1 (2018): 239-246.

  5

    Whitlock, M. C. “Combining probability from independent tests: the weighted Z-method is superior to Fisher’s approach.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18, no. 5 (2005): 1368-1373.

  6

    Zaykin, Dmitri V. “Optimally weighted Z-test is a powerful method for combining probabilities in meta-analysis.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology 24, no. 8 (2011): 1836-1841.

  7

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions_of_Fisher%27s_method

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